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Mace raised, enemy held by the hair. Ramesses II would be carved in this identical pose eighteen centuries later.

It is a cosmetic palette, the kind used for grinding malachite into eye paint, except that it is two feet tall and made of siltstone and nobody ever ground anything on it. The circular well on one side is formed by the entwined necks of two long-necked beasts, a design borrowed from Mesopotamia, and it exists to be looked at rather than used. British archaeologists found it in 1898 in a temple deposit at Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt, buried with other ceremonial objects, and it has been the first page of Egyptian history ever since. One side shows a king in the tall white crown of Upper Egypt, mace raised, holding a kneeling enemy by the hair. The other shows the same king in the red crown of Lower Egypt, walking in procession past two rows of decapitated prisoners with their heads set between their feet. The message needs no translation, and the hieroglyphs above the figure give a name written with a catfish and a chisel, read as Narmer. Around 3100 BC, the argument goes, the valley and the delta became one kingdom under one man, and this object is the announcement. Egyptologists have spent a century pointing out how much the palette is doing besides reporting. Every convention that Egyptian art would use for the next 3,000 years is already fixed here: the king twice the size of everyone else, the head in profile with the eye frontal, the rigid registers, the smiting pose. Ramesses II would be carved in the identical stance at Abu Simbel eighteen centuries later, which is like a modern state using a logo designed at the fall of Rome. Whether Narmer personally united anything is disputed; unification looks in the archaeology like a long process rather than an afternoon, and the palette may be a claim rather than a record. It is certainly a claim that worked. It sits now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where its inventory number is written in ink on the top corner, small and black, next to the falcon. 5,000 years and two accession systems on, the object is still being catalogued.